RESULTS

The group means ± SDs of memory test scores obtained by all five groups for both verbal and spatial tests at initial and final assessments are given in Table 1. The F values given below were derived by linear interpolation from df = 1,100 and 1,120 in the standard table, to get the F values for df=1,104 (Zar, 1984). The two-factor analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the means for verbal and spatial memory test scores, i.e., Factor A for groups practicing the second and third pranayamas. For left nostril breathing F1.104= 4.58 (F= 3.94 at p <.05, one-

Table 1 Means and standeard deviations of Memory scores of Five Groups (NS = 27) on verbal and spatial memory test for daily 1 and 10.

tailed), was significant as was the F1,104 of 11.30 (F=9.60 at p<.005, two-tailed) for breathing with both nostrils. The difference between the tests was not significant for breathing with the right nostril, breath awareness, and the control group (PS >.05).

All four trained groups and the control group showed significant differences between values obtained on Day 10 and Day 1. For breathing with the right nostril F1,104 =21.48 (F = 12.88 at p < 001 , two-tailed) was significant as was the F of 33.43 for breathing with the left nostril, F of 21.76 for breathing with both nostrils, F of 23.32 for the breath awareness group, and F of 11.03 (F=9.60, two-tailed) for the control group.

Table 2: Comparisons of Difference Between means, q Values and Probabilities Based on Tukey Test for Verbal and Spatial Memory Scores for each of five Groups on Days 1 and 10

The Tukey multiple-comparison test showed significant differences for (i) spatial scores on Day 10 versus spatial scores on Day 1 and (ii) spatial scores on Day 10 versus verbal scores on Day 10 (groups breathing with left and both nostrils). The comparisons, q values and levels of significance are given in Table 2.